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Flashback (psychology)
A flashback, or involuntary recurrent memory, is a psychological phenomenon in which an individual has a sudden, usually powerful, re-experiencing of a past experience or elements of a past experience. These experiences can be happy, sad, exciting, or any other emotion one can consider.〔 The term is used particularly when the memory is recalled involuntarily, and/or when it is so intense that the person "relives" the experience, unable to fully recognize it as memory and not something that is happening in "real time".〔Brewin, C., Gregory, J., Lipton, M. & Burgess, N. (2010) Intrusive Images in Psychological Disorders: Characteristics, Neural Mechanisms, and Treatment Implications. ''Psychological Review''. 117(1), 210-232.〕
== History ==
Flashbacks are the "personal experiences that pop into your awareness, without any conscious, premeditated attempt to search and retrieve this memory".〔Ball, C. & Little, J. (2006) A Comparison of Involuntary Autobiographical Memory Retrievals. ''Applied Cognitive Cycoligy''. 20, 1167-1179.〕 These experiences occasionally have little to no relation to the situation at hand. Flashbacks to those suffering posttraumatic stress disorder can be so disruptive as to seriously affect day-to-day living.〔
Memory is divided into voluntary (conscious) and involuntary (unconscious) processes that function independently of each other.〔 Theories and research on memory dates back to Hermann Ebbinghaus, who began studying nonsense syllables.〔Bernsten, D. & Rubin, D. (2002) Emotionally Charged Autobiographical Memories Across the Life Span:The Recall of Happy, Sad, Traumatic, and Involuntary Memories. ''Psychology and Aging''. 17(4), 636-652.〕 Ebbinghaus classified three distinct classes of memory: sensory, short term, and long-term memory.〔Baddeley, A., Eysneck, M. & Anderson, M. (2009) ''Memory''. New York: Psychology Press.〕 Sensory memory is made up of a brief storage of information within a specific medium (the line you see after waving a sparkler in your field of vision is created by sensory memory).〔 Short term memory is made up of the information currently in use to complete the task at hand.〔 Long term memory is composed of the systems used to store memory over long periods. It enables one to remember what happened two days ago at noon, or who called last night.〔Brewin, C., Gregory, J. Lipton, M. & Burgess, N. (2010) Intrusive Images in Psychological Disorders:Characteristics, Neural Mechanisms, and Treatment Implications. ''Psychological Review''. 117(1), 210-232.〕
Miller (1962–1974) declared that studying such fragile things as involuntary memories should not be done.〔 This appears to have been followed since very little research has been done on flashbacks in the cognitive psychology discipline.〔 Flashbacks have been studied within a clinical discipline however, and they have been identified as symptoms for many disorders, including post traumatic stress disorder.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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